Urogenital schistomiasis Is manifested by the appearance of blood at the very end of urination, frequent urge to urinate, and pain during urination.
Toxocarosis
Toxocarosis: causes of occurrence, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.
Toxocarosis is a larval, chronic tissue helminthiasis caused by the migration of roundworm larvae from the group of nematodes of the genus Toxosaga. They parasitize in mammals of the canine family (Tohosaga canis) and much more rarely in felines (Tohosaga cati). The disease is characterized by a long and relapsing course, a variety of clinical manifestations with lesions of internal organs and eyes.
The main development cycle of Tochosaga canis does not include the human body, so people turn out to be occasional hosts of this parasite. The source of infection is a sick animal (usually a dog). It is in the body of animals that toxocara larvae make a complete migration with the achievement of sexually mature forms and release of eggs into the external environment.
A sick person is not dangerous to others, because toxocars parasitize in animals only in the larval stage, without reaching sexual maturity or laying eggs.
People become infected by ingestion: through dirty hands, when a person strokes an animal with eggs on its fur, when eating unwashed berries, fruits and vegetables from the "bed", where toxocara eggs were in the ground.
By the way, according to statistics, children are most susceptible to the disease, because they play with sand and soil, where parasite eggs are well preserved for a long time.
The risk group includes agricultural workers who regularly come into contact with the soil, owners of homesteads, dog breeders, dog breeders, employees of service dog kennels, etc.
After the eggs of toxocarcas enter the small intestine, larvae develop from them, which enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes and are spread with the bloodstream to all organs and tissues, causing inflammatory and necrotic changes in them.
Parasites that can live in the human body
For representatives of some professions (catering staff, children's institutions) analysis for eggs worms is mandatory for registration of sanitary booklets. The same analysis is given to children when they enter kindergartens and nurseries, or in sports clubs.
Indications for testing
Blood test for helminths, first of all, is prescribed by the symptomatic complaints of the patient:
- intense bowel emptying (diarrhea);
- reflexive discharge of stomach contents (vomiting);
- weight loss without changing the diet;
- painful digestion (dyspepsia);
- Subfebrile (3738C) and febrile (3839C) body temperature;
- flatulence and belching;
- abdominal pain;
- polyphagia (increased appetite);
- allergic skin manifestations;
- hypoactivity against the background of an unstable psycho-emotional state.
The study is included in the list of tests, the results of which must be presented when the child enters school and pre-school educational institution. It is mandatory to have a worm test:
Testing for helminthiasis is carried out in children in epidemic outbreaks of parasitosis in kindergartens, educational institutions.
The doctor may prescribe a study for possible parasite infection based on the results of the general clinical analysis (GCA) of blood, in which the eosinophils and leukocytes significantly exceed the established norms.
Helminthiasis is more often fixed in children than in adults, so for preventive purposes, it is recommended to examine blood for parasites in a child after the summer vacation.
What protozoa cause Amoebiasis
Amoebiasis. Caused by several species of intratissue parasites of the genus Amoebae. It occurs in severe cerebral, pulmonary, hepatic, cutaneous, and other clinical forms, but the most common is intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery, amebic colitis) caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It is the second most lethal protozoan disease. Spreads by the fecal-oral route, through contaminated water and unwashed hands. Immunity to amebic infestations does not form. At least half a billion people have been infected, and one in ten of those infected develop clinically significant symptoms.
Toxoplasmosis. Caused by the only currently known representative of the genus Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma Gondii, a small intracellular parasite. The final host in whose body toxoplasma reproduces by gametogenesis and forms cysts capable of activation is the feline family. Humans as one of the intermediate carriers are 40-70% infected. The vast majority of cases of acute toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic, with the formation of persistent lifelong immunity. At the same time, for persons with severe immunodeficiency, toxoplasmosis is lethal. In addition, during primary infection of pregnant women, the fetus is also infected: in this case there is a hundred percent probability of intrauterine development disorders, which leads to severe damage of the central nervous and other body systems, either congenital or manifesting themselves in childhood. Even in the case of timely diagnosis during gestation – treatment is ineffective.
What protozoa cause Trichomaniasis
Trichomoniasis. Caused by the species Trichomonas vaginalis, a urogenital parasite of the genus Trichomonads of the class of flagellates. The actual prevalence is unknown, estimated at three hundred million people, but taking into account passive carriage by men, the proportion of those infected seems to be much higher. Transmitted sexually or from pregnant mother to fetus. It is the most common STD in the world, with the most contagious and the most virulent. It is most often found as part of combined infections, potentiating the pathogenicity of papillomavirus and other viral infections. With chronicity and prolonged course, it causes a number of serious complications in the reproductive system. It increases the risk of cervical cancer, premature birth, and even if delivered at term, weight deficiency in the newborn.
A conditional pathogen is also intestinal trichomonas, which can cause the corresponding symptoms under certain conditions.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis: causes of occurrence, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.
Definition
Toxoplasmosis is a widespread parasitic disease affecting the nervous system, eyes, spleen, liver and heart. According to WHO, the number of people infected with toxoplasmas is about 1.5 billion people.
In adults, toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic. The disease with clinical manifestations often develops in the most susceptible and vulnerable group of the population – children.
Causes of toxoplasmosis
The causative agent of toxoplasmosis is Toxoplasma gondii .. Toxoplasma is an intracellular parasite capable of reproducing asexually in human tissue cells. In the process of reproduction, parasites cluster inside the cell and form pseudocysts. If the process becomes chronic, true cysts with their own shell are formed.
Humans are intermediate hosts and are infected by sporozoites – invasive forms of toxoplasmas that can penetrate the body.
Sporozoites are excreted with feces of cats, and human infection occurs if personal hygiene rules are violated (this explains why infections with toxoplasmas are so frequent in early childhood – due to children's behavior peculiarities and poor hygiene skills).
Another form of toxoplasmas is cystozoites – they enter the human body when eating meat from sick animals if it has not been cooked properly.
Toxoplasmas enter the lymphatic system through the gastrointestinal tract and with the flow of lymph into the lymph nodes. At this stage, against the background of intensive reproduction of toxoplasmas, inflammatory changes in the lymphoid tissue are formed. Further the parasites penetrate into the systemic bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Depending on the endpoint of their migration, a corresponding clinical picture of the disease develops.
Helminthiasis
Helminthiasis (helminth infestation): causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Helminthiasis is a disease of humans, animals and plants caused by parasitic worms (helminths).
In Russia there are more than 70 species of the known 250 helminths, which parasitize in the human body. The most widespread are roundworms (ascarids, pinworms, trichinellas, helminths), tapeworms (swine, bull and dwarf chains, broad tapeworms, echinococcus), catflies (liver fluke and cat louse).
Infection with helminths most often occurs after ingestion of their eggs and/or larvae. Depending on the mechanism of infection and ways of transmission helminth infections are divided into: geohelminth infections, biogelminth infections and contact helminth infections. Geohelminths develop without intermediate hosts, biohelminths – with a successive change of one or two or three hosts, contact helminths are transmitted by contact.
Swine chain, bovine chain, echinococcus and other types of worms develop with a successive change of one or two or three hosts. Intermediate hosts can be fish, molluscs, crustaceans, insects. A person becomes infected with these helminths by eating foods that have not undergone proper heat treatment:
- Beef meat infected with fins (larvae) of bovine tapeworm;
- pork infected with porcine worms;
- Lightly salted and raw fish with Opisthorchis or Spongiosa larvae;
- raw water or fruits and vegetables that have been treated with this water.
Contact – that is, through personal contact between a healthy person and an infected person, using shared utensils, toiletries, linen, inhaling dust in the room where there is an infected person – enterobiasis (causative agent – pinworm) and hymenolepidosis (causative agent – dwarf chain) are transmitted. In the case of enterobiasis, self-infection often occurs.
